Data and facts about an ancient culture

Prehistoric period (5000-3000 BC): Neolithic culture, nomadic hunters settle in the Nile Valley, development of belief in the afterlife
1st – 2th dynasties (approx. 3000 – 2665 BC): King Menes unites Upper and Lower Egypt; Memphis becomes the capital of the kingdom; hieroglyphs are developed; conflicts between different power centers shake the young state.
3st – 6th dynasties (approx. 2665 – 2155 BC): Imhotep builds the Step Pyramid of King Djoser in Saqqara. The great pyramid builders Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure erect colossal tomb monuments in Giza. The pharaohs lose their power to minor princes in the provinces, leading to an economic crisis.
7st – 10th dynasties (approx. 2155 – 2130 BC): A time of weak rulers and civil wars. Crop failures and dysfunctional administration led to famines.
11st – 12th dynasties (approx. 2130 – 1785 BC): Under Mentuhotep I, the Theban princes achieved the second unification of the kingdom. Thebes briefly became the capital of the entire country.
13st – 17th dynasties (approx. 1785 – 1550 BC): Using the new war technology of horses and chariots, the Hyksos advanced into Egypt from the northeast, occupied the Delta and conquered Memphis.
18st – 20th dynasties (approx. 1550 – 1070 BC): Reunification of the country and liberation from foreign rule. Egypt enjoys economic prosperity and a cultural golden age; Ramses II is among the most famous rulers of the time.
21st – 30th dynasties (approx. 1070 – 332 BC): The brief period of prosperity was followed by a time of hardship, during which the Assyrians and Persians alternated with Egyptian rulers.

Third Intermediate Period (c. 332 – 30 BC):
332 BC Chr .: Alexander the Great conquered the land and founded Alexandria. For 300 years, Egypt was the center of Greek culture and art.

Late period (approx. 30 BC – 395 AD):
Byzantine rule and Christian times: The country comes under Roman rule and becomes a Roman province.
ca. 395 – 640 AD: The Bible is translated into Coptic and Christianity becomes the main religion.
Caliphate Empire approx. 640 – 935 AD: The Islamic troops conquer Egypt and establish Fustat as their capital.
935 – 969 AD Ichshidids: The Abbasids of Baghdad appoint Turkish governors in Egypt. Severe clashes erupt between Christians and Muslims, and Arabic increasingly displaces Coptic.
969 – 1171 AD Fatimids: The Fatimids founded Cairo and opened an Islamic university in the Al-Azhar Mosque.
1171 – 1250 Aiiubids: Construction of the citadel.
1250 – 1517 Mamluks: The Mamluks ruled, and mosques, schools, and mausoleums were built.
1517 – 1798 Ottomans: Egypt becomes part of the Ottoman Empire, and the population drops drastically.
1798 - 1801: French rule
1805 – 1952 M. Ali and his successors: Mohammed Ali comes to power. His main goal is to build a modern industrial and educational elite in order to lead Egypt to independence.
1882 – 1952 British rule: Following uprisings, the British occupied Egypt.
1898 - 1902: Construction of the first dam in Aswan.
1914: England eliminates Turkish overlordship and declares Egypt a protectorate.
1922: England recognizes Egypt's independence. The British High Commissioner retains his privileges. The Suez Canal and Sudan remain occupied.
1937: King Farouk I ascends the throne.
1942: King Farouk I is forced by force to install a pro-British government. The country becomes a battleground. General Rommel marches to Al Alamein, where he is defeated by British troops.
1946: British troops are withdrawing, except for the Canal Zone.
1948: Defeat of the Arab states against the state of Israel.
1952: The king is overthrown. A comprehensive reform program comes into effect. The monarchy is abolished. Egypt becomes a republic. Nasser becomes president. British troops leave the country. The nationalization of the Suez Canal is followed by the Suez Crisis. Israel advances into the Sinai Peninsula. British and French airborne troops occupy the Canal Zone.
1952 Suez Crisis: Egypt and Syria unite to form the United Arab Republic (UAR).
1960: Nationalization of the economy, policies of Arab socialism.
1965: Termination of diplomatic relations with the Federal Republic of Germany when it establishes relations with Israel.
1967: Six-Day War. Egypt closes the Gulf of Aqaba, whereupon Israel occupies the Sinai Peninsula as far as the Suez Canal on June 5.6th.
1970: President Nasser dies, Sadat becomes the new president.
1971: Inauguration of the Aswan Dam by President Sadat.
1972: Diplomatic relations with the Federal Republic of Germany will be resumed.
1973: October War – due to pressure from the major powers, an armistice is agreed upon with Israel. US President Nixon visits Egypt.
1977: Sadat travels to Jerusalem for negotiations.
1979 - 1980: Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. Return of part of the Sinai Peninsula. Diplomatic relations with Israel.
1981 / 82: President Sadat is assassinated; Hosni Mubarak succeeds him. Israel returns the rest of the Sinai Peninsula.
1989: Israel returns the Sinai enclave of Taba. Egypt is readmitted to the Arab League, even though it has not revoked the peace treaty with Israel.
1990 / 91: In the Kuwait crisis and the Gulf War, Egypt plays a leading role in the anti-Iraqi alliance that drives the Iraqi army out of Kuwait.
1999: Hosni Mubarak is elected for a fourth time for another six-year term.
2001: Hosni Mubarak is trying to mediate between the Palestinians and Israelis.
2005: Following a constitutional amendment, the first presidential election with multiple candidates was held in September 2005. Mubarak was elected for his fifth term.
2007: Constitutional reform: Deletion of formulations with socialist references.
25 January 2011: The beginning of the Facebook revolution
26 January 2011: Thousands of young protesters are mobilizing via the social network Facebook and the microblogging network Twitter. Both services are subsequently blocked in Egypt.
February 11, 2011: Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak was stepping down. The interim government will now be the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. Previously, the military had promised constitutional reforms and free elections.
February 13, 2011: The Supreme Military Council suspends the constitution, dissolves both chambers of parliament, announces a referendum on a new constitution, and announces on state television that elections will take place in September as originally planned.
16/17 June 2012: Former Muslim Brotherhood member Mohammed Morsi wins the presidential elections with 51,7% of the votes.
June 30, 2012: Mohammed Morsi takes his official oath of office.
22.-30. November 2012: The president grants himself more power, sparking days of protests. The constitutional committee, dominated by Islamists, pushes through Morsi's draft of a new constitution.
15/22 December 2012: In two rounds of referendums, Egyptians approved the constitution with 63,8% of the vote. However, voter turnout was low.
25 January 2013: Hundreds of thousands of Egyptians are demonstrating against President Mohammed Morsi.
June 30, 2013: Mass protests erupt again. Millions of people are demanding Morsi's resignation.
July 1, 2013: Egypt's army chief gives the Islamists and the opposition 48 hours to find a solution.
July 2, 2013: President Mohammed Morsi refuses to resign.
July 3, 2013: The military deposes President Mohammed Morsi.
July 4, 2013: Chief Justice Adli Mansour is appointed interim president. The leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood is arrested.
July 8, 2013: Adli Mansour announces the timetable for a constitutional reform as well as presidential and parliamentary elections. These are to be held by mid-February. The Muslim Brotherhood refuses to participate in the process.
July 9, 2013: Interim President Adli Mansur appoints economist Hazem Al Beblawi as head of the transitional government and opposition leader Mohammed ElBaradei as vice president.
26th/27th July 2013: The imprisoned former president Mohammed Morsi is under investigation on suspicion of murder and conspiracy with the militant Hamas.
August 7, 2013: Egypt's interim president declares diplomatic efforts for a peaceful solution to the conflict to have failed.
August 11, 2013: Security forces announce the clearing of two Islamist protest camps in Cairo.
August 14, 2013: Security forces clear the protest camps. Egypt declares a month-long state of emergency with a nighttime curfew. Vice President Mohammed ElBaradei resigns due to the violent clearing of the protest camps.
September 5, 2013: The Egyptian interior minister survives a bomb attack in Cairo and the state of emergency is extended by two months.
September 23, 2013: An Egyptian court orders the banning of the Muslim Brotherhood.
12 November 2013: The state of emergency is lifted.
25 November 2013: The Muslim Brotherhood is classified as a terrorist organization by the transitional government.
14 January 2014: The Egyptian people are voting on the new constitution.
18 January 2014: 98,1% voted in favor of the new constitution, but voter turnout was below 40%.
27 January 2014: The Supreme Command of the Egyptian Armed Forces unanimously nominates Army Chief Abd al-Fattah al-Sisi as its presidential candidate.
30 May 2014: Former army chief Sisi wins the presidential election with over 90% of the vote. Hamdin Sabahi, his only challenger, receives just 3%. After declaring that the election was unfair, he concedes defeat.
June 3, 2014: The election commission declares Sisi the next Egyptian president.
June 9, 2014: The military-backed interim government has resigned. Interim Prime Minister Ibrahim Mahlab explained after the resignation that this was to give the new head of state, Sisi, the opportunity to assemble a cabinet of his choosing.